Which enzyme can repair alkylation damage of DNA?
The AlkB protein was discovered to be an -ketoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent oxidizing enzyme that can efficiently repair various DNA and RNA alkyl lesions [9, 10] (Figure 1).
How can alkylation damage of DNA be repaired?
Alkylation damage of DNA is one of the major types of insults which cells must repair to remain viable. One way alkylation damaged ring nitrogens are repaired is via the Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway.
What causes alkylation damage?
Alkylation lesions in DNA and RNA result from endogenous compounds, environmental agents and alkylating drugs. Simple methylating agents, e.g. methylnitrosourea, tobacco-specific nitrosamines and drugs like temozolomide or streptozotocin, form adducts at N- and O-atoms in DNA bases.
How are alkyl groups removed from DNA bases?
A Cys residue is used by the AGT proteins to remove the alkyl adducts on the O6-position of guanine (A) and the O4-position of thymine (B). A zinc-bound Cys residue is also used by the N-terminal domain of the E. All these alkyl transfers from DNA lesions to Cys residues are irreversible.
What is alkylation damage repair?
Alkylation damage repair involves multiple partially redundant pathways, which include direct reversal by O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), the ALKB family of demethylases, and base excision repair (BER). Alkylation chemotherapy is one of the most widely used systemic therapies for cancer.
What is direct repair of DNA?
Direct repair is defined as the elimination of DNA and RNA damage using chemical reversion that does not require a nucleotide template, breakage of the phosphodiester backbone or DNA synthesis.
What is meant by alkylation?
Alkylation is a chemical process by which an alkyl group is attached to an organic substrate molecule via addition or substitution. An alkyl group is an alkane molecule that is missing a hydrogen atom. For example, methyl groups are the simplest alkyls and result from the removal of a hydrogen atom from methane.
What type of DNA damage does ionizing radiation cause?
DNA double-strand breaks constitute the most dangerous type of DNA damage induced by ionising radiation (IR). Accordingly, the resistance of cells to IR is modulated by three intimately related cellular processes: DNA repair, recombination, and replication.
What foods help repair DNA?
In a study published in the British Journal of Cancer (published by the research journal Nature) the researchers show that in laboratory tests, a compound called indole-3-carinol (I3C), found in broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage, and a chemical called genistein, found in soy beans, can increase the levels of BRCA1 and …
Can DNA repair itself if damaged?
Most damage to DNA is repaired by removal of the damaged bases followed by resynthesis of the excised region. Some lesions in DNA, however, can be repaired by direct reversal of the damage, which may be a more efficient way of dealing with specific types of DNA damage that occur frequently.
What is alkylation example?
What is alkylation used for?
An alkylation unit (alky) is one of the conversion processes used in petroleum refineries. It is used to convert isobutane and low-molecular-weight alkenes (primarily a mixture of propene and butene) into alkylate, a high octane gasoline component.
How is the alkylation damage of DNA repaired?
Alkylation damage of DNA is one of the major types of insults which cells must repair to remain viable. One way alkylation damaged ring nitrogens are repaired is via the Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway.
How is alkylation damage repaired in Escherichia coli?
One way alkylation damaged ring nitrogens are repaired is via the Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway. Examination of mutants in both BER and Nucleotide Excision Repair show that there is actually an overlap of repair by these two pathways for the removal of cytotoxic lesions in Escherichia coli.
Which is an example of direct reversal repair?
Direct reversal repair is specific to the damage. For example, in a process called photoreactivation, pyrimidine bases fused by UV light are separated by DNA photolyase (a light-driven enzyme). For direct reversal of alkylation events, a DNA methyltransferase or DNA glycosylase detects and removes the….
Which is alkylating agent damage the PGK1 gene?
We have studied DNA damage in the PGK1 gene for a series of DNA alkylating agents including N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, Mechlorethamine, and Chlorambucil and shown that the damage observed in the PGK1 (phosphoglycerate kinase 1) gene depends on the alkylating agent used.